Experiment planning
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The GOSIA suite of codes are ideally suited to the design and planning of heavy-ion induced Coulomb excitation experiments as well as the subsequent analysis. Coulomb excitation experiments can seem deceptively simple, especially for few-state problems, leading some experimenters to fall into analysis traps or collecting data that have less than optimal sensitivity to the goals of the experiment. The [[experiment_planning | Experiment planning]] page identifies a few potential pitfalls in the design and analysis of Coulomb excitation experiments. Additional insight can be obtained from study of prior publications and review articles on heavy-ion induced Coulomb excitation.<ref>K. Alder and A. Winther, ''Electromagnetic Excitation: Theory of Coulomb Excitation with Heavy Ions,'' North Holland, Amsterdam (1975).</ref><ref>D. Cline, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 36:683 (1986).</ref> ==Safe bombarding energy== The basic assumption of Coulomb excitation is that the interaction between the scattering ions is purely electromagnetic in origin. This situation applies when the range of nuclear forces for both interacting nuclei are completely separated in space. Coulomb excitation cross sections are maximized by using the highest safe bombarding energy for which the interaction is purely electromagnetic resulting in a sensitive balance between maximizing the cross sections and minimizing the influence of nuclear excitation. The optimal value depends on the goals of the planned experiment. Experimental data on the influence of Coulomb-nuclear interference on the second-order reorientation effect in Coulomb excitation<ref>D. Cline, H.S. Gertzman, H.E. Gove, P.M.S. Lesser and J.J. Schwartz, Nucl. Phys. A133,445 (1969)</ref><ref>P.M.S. Lesser, D. Cline, P. Goode and R. Horoshko, Nucl. Phys. 28,368 (1972).</ref> was used to estimate the maximum bombarding energy at which the influence of nuclear excitation can be neglected for second-order processes. Near the barrier the Coulomb-nuclear interference is destructive which reduces the inelastic scattering cross sections at large scattering angles in a manner that mimics the reorientation effect corresponding to a negative static quadrupole moment. ==Notes== <references/>
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